--- title: The Four Horsemen url: https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/four-horsemen author: Stronger Couple Editorial Team published: 2026-10-18 updated: 2026-10-18 lastReviewed: 2026-10-18 topic: "Communication & conflict" sources: 4 --- # The Four Horsemen > The Four Horsemen are criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling: four conflict habits Gottman's research linked to unhappy relationships. > **Safety first.** These ideas assume both partners feel safe. If you are afraid of your partner, or there is abuse, threats or coercive control, couples techniques are not the right tool. Talk to a domestic violence advocate instead. National Domestic Violence Hotline: call 1-800-799-7233, text START to 88788, or chat at thehotline.org. 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. In an emergency, call 911. More: https://strongercouple.app/help-now ## Key takeaways - The Four Horsemen are criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling. - John Gottman's lab studies linked these patterns to lower satisfaction and a higher risk of separation. - The Gottman Institute describes contempt as the single greatest predictor of divorce among the four. - Each horseman has an antidote: gentle startup, appreciation, taking responsibility and self-soothing. The Four Horsemen are four communication patterns that psychologist John Gottman linked to unhappy relationships: criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling. Everyone uses them sometimes. The concern is when they become the usual way a couple handles disagreement, because over time they make it hard to feel safe, heard or close. Each one has a practical antidote that couples can learn. > **If you feel unsafe.** These ideas assume both partners feel safe. If you are afraid of your partner, or there is abuse, threats or coercive control, couples techniques are not the right tool. Talk to a domestic violence advocate instead. > > - National Domestic Violence Hotline: call 1-800-799-7233, text START to 88788, or chat at thehotline.org. > - 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. > - In an emergency, call 911. > > More resources: [Help Now](https://strongercouple.app/help-now) These tips assume both partners feel safe. If you're afraid of your partner, these techniques aren't the right tool. Visit [Help Now for confidential support](https://strongercouple.app/help-now). ## Where the idea comes from Gottman named the Four Horsemen after years of watching couples talk about conflict in his University of Washington lab [^1]. In one study of 73 married couples followed over four years, couples whose interactions were more negative showed more defensiveness, stubbornness and withdrawal, and were more likely to consider or go through separation [^2]. The Gottman Institute describes contempt as the single greatest predictor of divorce of the four [^3]. Keep the limits in mind: these were specific samples of mostly married couples studied in a lab, and the findings show risk, not destiny. ## What each horseman looks like | Horseman | What it sounds like | Antidote | | ------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | | Criticism | "You never think about anyone but yourself." | Gentle startup: describe the situation and what you need | | Contempt | Eye-rolling, mocking, "Wow, real mature." | Build a culture of appreciation | | Defensiveness | "Well, I wouldn't have to if you ever helped." | Take responsibility for your part | | Stonewalling | Going silent, staring at your phone, leaving | Pause and self-soothe, then come back | A typical chain starts small. One partner opens with a criticism about the dishes. The other gets defensive. Frustration turns into a sarcastic jab, and then one person goes quiet and stops responding. Gottman's research describes this kind of escalation as a "cascade." ## What to do about it The Gottman Institute pairs each horseman with an antidote [^4]: - **Swap criticism for a gentle startup.** Talk about your feelings and a specific need, not your partner's character. - **Swap contempt for appreciation.** Notice and name what your partner does well, often and out loud. - **Swap defensiveness for responsibility.** Even owning a small part ("I did forget to text") lowers the heat. - **Swap stonewalling for a real break.** Say you need a pause, take at least 20 minutes to calm down, and agree on when you'll come back. Start with just one. Many couples pick the horseman they use most and practice its antidote for a week. **In the Stronger Couple app:** [Conflict resolution](https://strongercouple.app/app/conflict-resolution) ## Related terms - Read the full [Four Horsemen explainer with a one-week practice plan](https://strongercouple.app/blog/four-horsemen-of-relationships). - Each horseman has its own entry: [criticism](https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/criticism), [contempt](https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/contempt), [defensiveness](https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/defensiveness) and [stonewalling](https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/stonewalling). - Learn how [repair attempts](https://strongercouple.app/library/glossary/repair-attempts) stop a fight from escalating. - Try the [Four Horsemen self-check](https://strongercouple.app/tools/four-horsemen-self-check), a reflection tool rather than a diagnosis. ## When to get professional help If the horsemen show up in most conversations, or contempt has become constant, a licensed couples therapist can help you change the pattern. Our [guide to getting help](https://strongercouple.app/library/guides/getting-help) explains your options. If you feel unsafe, go to [Help Now](https://strongercouple.app/help-now). ## Questions people ask ### What are the Four Horsemen in a relationship? They are four ways of fighting that tend to damage a relationship over time: criticism (attacking character), contempt (acting superior), defensiveness (deflecting blame) and stonewalling (shutting down). The term comes from psychologist John Gottman's research on couples. ### Does having the Four Horsemen mean we will break up? No. Most couples slip into them sometimes. The research describes patterns and risk, not fate. What helps is noticing them early, repairing quickly and practicing the antidotes. ### Which horseman is the worst? The Gottman Institute calls contempt the single greatest predictor of divorce, because it communicates disgust and superiority rather than a complaint about a behavior. ## Sources [^1]: What Predicts Divorce? The Relationship Between Marital Processes and Marital Outcomes. Lawrence Erlbaum (Routledge Classic Edition reissue), 1994. https://www.routledge.com/What-Predicts-Divorce-The-Relationship-Between-Marital-Processes-and-Marital-Outcomes/Gottman/p/book/9781032539379 [^2]: Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221-233, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.221 [^3]: The Four Horsemen: Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, and Stonewalling. The Gottman Institute, 2024. https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-four-horsemen-recognizing-criticism-contempt-defensiveness-and-stonewalling/ [^4]: The Four Horsemen: The Antidotes. The Gottman Institute, 2024. https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-four-horsemen-the-antidotes/